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HTTP 集成

HTML 库不内置 HTTP 客户端,而是与标准库 net/http 无缝配合。本文展示常见的集成模式。

基本抓取与提取

最简单的模式:获取页面,提取内容。

go
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/cybergodev/html"
)

func main() {
    resp, err := http.Get("https://example.com/article")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer resp.Body.Close()

    if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
        log.Fatalf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
    }

    body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    result, err := html.Extract(body)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    fmt.Println("标题:", result.Title)
    fmt.Println("字数:", result.WordCount)
}

优化建议

对输入大小做好限制,防止内存溢出:

go
body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 50*1024*1024)) // 50MB

配置 HTTP 客户端

生产环境应配置合理的超时和连接池参数:

go
client := &http.Client{
    Timeout: 15 * time.Second,
    Transport: &http.Transport{
        MaxIdleConns:        20,
        MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 10,
        IdleConnTimeout:     90 * time.Second,
    },
}
参数建议值说明
Timeout10-30s包含连接+TLS+ 读写全流程
MaxIdleConns10-50全局最大空闲连接
MaxIdleConnsPerHost5-10单主机最大空闲连接
IdleConnTimeout90s空闲连接保持时间

Processor 单例 + HTTP 服务

在 Web 服务中,复用单个 Processor 实例处理所有请求:

go
package main

import (
    "context"
    "encoding/json"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "time"

    "github.com/cybergodev/html"
)

var processor *html.Processor

func init() {
    cfg := html.DefaultConfig()
    cfg.MaxCacheEntries = 5000
    cfg.CacheTTL = 30 * time.Minute
    cfg.ProcessingTimeout = 10 * time.Second

    var err error
    processor, err = html.New(cfg)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
}

func extractHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), 5*time.Second)
    defer cancel()

    body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, 10*1024*1024))
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, "读取失败", http.StatusBadRequest)
        return
    }

    result, err := processor.ExtractWithContext(ctx, body)
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(result)
}

func main() {
    defer processor.Close()

    http.HandleFunc("/extract", extractHandler)
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

输入验证

Web 服务中务必限制请求体大小,防止恶意大文件攻击。使用 io.LimitReaderhttp.MaxBytesReader

并发抓取多个 URL

结合 Processor 的并发安全性,高效处理多个页面:

go
type URLResult struct {
    URL    string
    Result *html.Result
    Error  error
}

func processURLs(processor *html.Processor, urls []string) []URLResult {
    results := make([]URLResult, len(urls))
    var wg sync.WaitGroup

    for i, url := range urls {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func(idx int, u string) {
            defer wg.Done()

            resp, err := http.Get(u)
            if err != nil {
                results[idx] = URLResult{URL: u, Error: err}
                return
            }
            defer resp.Body.Close()

            if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
                results[idx] = URLResult{URL: u, Error: fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)}
                return
            }

            body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 50*1024*1024))
            result, err := processor.Extract(body)
            results[idx] = URLResult{URL: u, Result: result, Error: err}
        }(i, url)
    }

    wg.Wait()
    return results
}

使用示例:

go
p, _ := html.New(html.DefaultConfig())
defer p.Close()

urls := []string{
    "https://example.com/page1",
    "https://example.com/page2",
    "https://example.com/page3",
}

for _, r := range processURLs(p, urls) {
    if r.Error != nil {
        log.Printf("%s: 错误 - %v", r.URL, r.Error)
        continue
    }
    fmt.Printf("%s: %s (%d 字)\n", r.URL, r.Result.Title, r.Result.WordCount)
}

带重试的抓取

处理网络不稳定场景:

go
func fetchWithRetry(client *http.Client, url string, maxRetries int) ([]byte, error) {
    var lastErr error

    for i := 0; i < maxRetries; i++ {
        resp, err := client.Get(url)
        if err != nil {
            lastErr = err
            time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(1<<uint(i)))
            continue
        }

        if resp.StatusCode >= 500 {
            lastErr = fmt.Errorf("服务端错误:HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
            resp.Body.Close()
            time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(1<<uint(i)))
            continue
        }

        if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
            resp.Body.Close()
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
        }

        body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 50*1024*1024))
        resp.Body.Close()
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        return body, nil
    }

    return nil, fmt.Errorf("重试 %d 次后仍失败:%w", maxRetries, lastErr)
}

重试策略

  • 4xx 错误不要重试(客户端问题)
  • 5xx 和网络错误可重试
  • 使用指数退避:1s、2s、4s
  • 设置最大重试次数(通常 3 次)

批量 + 上下文取消

对大批量 URL 使用带上下文的批量处理,支持超时取消:

go
func batchProcessURLs(processor *html.Processor, urls []string) {
    // 设置总超时
    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Minute)
    defer cancel()

    // 抓取所有页面
    pages := make([][]byte, len(urls))
    for i, u := range urls {
        select {
        case <-ctx.Done():
            fmt.Println("抓取超时,已取消")
            return
        default:
            body, err := fetchWithRetry(http.DefaultClient, u, 2)
            if err != nil {
                log.Printf("跳过 %s: %v", u, err)
                continue
            }
            pages[i] = body
        }
    }

    // 批量提取
    batch := processor.ExtractBatchWithContext(ctx, pages)
    fmt.Printf("成功:%d, 失败:%d, 取消:%d\n",
        batch.Success, batch.Failed, batch.Cancelled)
}

编码处理

HTTP 响应可能使用非 UTF-8 编码,HTML 库会自动检测并处理:

go
// 即使响应是 GBK 编码,也能正确提取
resp, _ := http.Get("https://example.cn/page")
body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
result, _ := html.Extract(body) // 自动检测编码

也可从 Content-Type 头获取编码信息后手动指定:

go
charset := "utf-8" // 从 Content-Type 解析
if ct := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type"); ct != "" {
    if idx := strings.Index(ct, "charset="); idx != -1 {
        charset = ct[idx+8:]
    }
}

cfg := html.DefaultConfig()
cfg.Encoding = charset
result, _ := html.Extract(body, cfg)

最佳实践

场景建议
单页提取http.Get() + html.Extract()
Web 服务Processor 单例 + ExtractWithContext()
批量抓取processURLs() + Processor 复用
不可信来源HighSecurityConfig() + io.LimitReader()
编码不确定依赖自动检测,或从 Content-Type 头指定

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